General Data Protection Regulation
Applies to any company processing personal data – customer records, employee data, newsletter lists. 97% of German companies with 20 or more employees call their data protection workload high, and 82% are unsure what the rules actually require of them (Bitkom, 2025). The gaps are not exotic. They are ordinary, and mostly undiscovered.
Fines: up to €10M or 2% of worldwide annual turnover for gaps like a missing record of processing or no DPO, and up to €20M or 4% for processing without a proper legal basis, breaching a core principle, or violating data subject rights. In Germany the managing director can be fined personally for supervisory failures on top of the company's fine (§ 130 read with § 9 OWiG). Damages owed to the company for breach of duty are separate (§ 43 GmbHG).